The concerning rise of corporate medicine: Public contracts with private clinics top $393 million over last six years
Private surgeries and medical imaging are big business in BC. Over the last two decades, this for-profit sector has benefited from increased outsourcing of publicly funded procedures and unlawful patient extra-billing.
These private businesses are flourishing in part because the BC government has been awarding them millions of dollars in contracts to provide services while not holding them legally accountable for unlawful billing practices that are prohibited under the Canada Health Act and BC Medicare Protection Act.
Outsourcing refers to when government contracts with private, for-profit companies to deliver publicly funded services. Unlawful extra-billing occurs when clinics charge people privately for health care services already provided in the public system, allowing wealthier patients to jump the queue.
In a research report published by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives BC Office and the BC Health Coalition, I analyzed public financial documents and materials obtained through Freedom of Information requests in order to take a close look at recent trends. These materials revealed:
- More than $393 million in public funds was paid to private surgical and medical imaging clinics over the six-year period from 2015 to 2020 for contracted procedures.
- Annual payments rose from $47.9 million in 2015 to $75.4 million in 2020—an increase of 57 per cent.
- In the most recent years available (2019 and 2020), payments to private imaging clinics declined as the provincial government increased public sector capacity—a very positive shift—but payments to private surgical clinics continued to increase.
- Over the six-year period, the largest annual increase (21 per cent) in outsourcing occurred in 2017, the year following the previous BC Liberal government’s plan to increase surgical privatization.
- False Creek Healthcare Centre, acquired by a Toronto private investment firm in 2019, received $12.2 million in health authority contracts between 2015 and 2020 despite having been audited by the BC government and found to have engaged in unlawful extra-billing.
- Kamloops Surgical Centre received $15.4 million in health authority payments between 2015 and 2020, also despite having been audited and found to have engaged in unlawful extra-billing. Interior Health continued to contract with the clinic during and after the period of unlawful extra-billing.
Importantly, the BC government has made positive recent moves to enhance access to MRIs and reduce surgical waitlists in public hospitals. But the numbers show a troubling continued reliance on outsourcing to for-profit clinics, especially for surgical procedures.
It is particularly disturbing to see substantial health authority payments going to private clinics known to have engaged in extra-billing. Instead of tackling unlawful extra-billing head on, the province’s strategy has been to increase outsourcing to private surgical clinics but make those contracts subject to compliance with provincial and federal law. In other words, BC is using one form of privatization (outsourcing, or contracting out) as a ‘carrot’ to curb another (two-tier health care where those who can afford it pay privately). The numbers show a troubling continued reliance on outsourcing to for-profit clinics, especially for surgical procedures.
False Creek Healthcare Centre is one of the largest private clinics in BC and has continued to receive public funding despite a recent BC government audit finding the clinic engaged in unlawful extra-billing. And it is also troubling that Interior Health continued to flow public dollars to Kamloops Surgical Centre during and after the period when government auditors uncovered unlawful extra-billing.
The pandemic has put extraordinary pressure on public health care across the country, as surgeries were canceled en masse to free up hospital capacity to deal with patients suffering from severe cases of COVID-19. One of the ways BC tackled the resulting backlog in surgeries was to increase surgical outsourcing to private clinics and increasing public capacity. While this strategy was successful in reducing wait lists in the short term, funneling public dollars to for-profit corporations contributes to workforce shortages in our public hospitals and also comes at a steeper price—a profit margin, capital costs (private sector capital assets that the public pays for but will never own) and often higher labour costs (to attract staff from the public sector) are always built into the per-unit cost charged to governments by private clinics.
Instead, BC can address wait times more efficiently within the public health care system by further increasing public surgical and diagnostic capacity (the recent acquisition of several private MRI and surgical clinics by the government are positive steps in this direction), scaling up successful strategies like centralized waiting lists and pre-screening by teams of health care professionals and reducing the need for hospital care with more emphasis on primary and community-based care (especially for seniors).
The provincial government has made some important progress in these areas, but it needs to put a stop to unlawful extra-billing and ramp down its reliance on for-profit clinics over the coming years.
Postscript
At a press conference on August 24 following the release of the CCPA–BC and BC Health Coalition report, Health Minister Adrian Dix characterized the report’s findings as “inaccurate” and suggested that the analysis did not recognize significant recent investments in public health care by the provincial government.
We hope that an explanation of the methods and sources helps clarify concerns. As explained in footnote 10, the author analyzed health authority financial statements between 2015/16 and 2020/21. Each health authority must publicly disclose payments each fiscal year to suppliers valued over $25,000. Financial documents were retrieved from health authority websites, and a dataset of private surgical and imaging clinics was created. The list of private clinics was verified against the list of accredited clinics by the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Another key source is a Health Canada annual report (also cited), which provided information about unlawful extra-billing in BC. This analysis involved the extraction of data from over 40 health authority disclosures.
As well, the report draws on two Freedom of Information (FOI) requests, including private clinic audits conducted by the Medical Services Commission that had not been made available to the public. Together, these public disclosures and documents obtained by FOI revealed that Kamloops Surgical Centre and False Creek Healthcare Centre have received health authority payments, despite audits finding evidence of unlawful extra-billing. This research would not have been possible using only publicly available information. To foster greater transparency, we recommend the proactive disclosure of health authority contracts with private clinics and audits of unlawful extra-billing.
In addition, the author carefully detailed recent public investments, including the provincial government’s recent (and laudable) efforts to increase public sector medical imaging capacity (see pages 3, 4, 8, 10 of the report) and overall health infrastructure spending (see page 10). However, the key conclusions of the report bear repeating:
- Between 2015 and 2020, there has been a substantial increase in public funds going to corporate diagnostic and surgical clinics for contracted procedures.
- While reliance on contracting for diagnostic imaging has declined somewhat in the past two years, payments to for-profit surgical clinics—including those that have been found to engage in unlawful extra-billing—continue to increase.
- There still remains no ban in BC on unlawful extra-billing in medical imaging clinics, despite a commitment from the BC government to bring provincial legislation into alignment with the Canada Health Act.
- The above facts are troubling given the problems associated with for-profit medicine.
- Canadian provinces, including BC, have tended to focus on short-term injections of funding and increasing the surgical volumes in hospitals and private clinics, with more limited attention to a sustained focus on structural reforms that improve the performance of the public system, including team-based, single-entry models.
As non-partisan organizations, the CCPA–BC and BC Health Coalition welcome the invitation from government to discuss our research findings.
